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Consciousness: What one
experiences one experiences. As defined, this seems the
simplest minimally adequate definition. It also does justice to a fact
noticed by Leibniz (long before Freud), namely that one has unconscious
experiences, as illustrated by the fact that one may be woken up by a
loud sound.
It seems not unlikely that human consciousness differs from
whatever experiences or experiences of their experiences other animals
have, because human beings use a natural language for a considerable
part of their conscious experience, which is an extra layer of
symbolical representation, next to
the representing of parts of one's environment and body that is involved
in ordinary non-verbalized experience and that is presumably shared with
animals, at least in principle.
Indeed, it is well to remark that it seems likely that the types of
experience and consciousness a species of animal is capable of is
species specific: The bandwidths different species are well-tuned to
differ, as do their capacities to make fine distinctions in what they
do pick up, as may their organs, like the sonar that comes natural to
bats.
And in this context of capacities: The stresses and capacities
of organs that different animals share may differ a lot between species:
Dogs rely much more on smell than humans do; birds may have far better
eyes than humans do; and indeed compared to the sensory discriminations
other mammals may easily make, human beings seem obtuse and limited in
their abilities to perceive what goes on in their environment.
Here is a sort of simultaneous description and analysis of what seems
to me to be involved in the only consciousness I know directly, namely
my own:
There are two sides to conscious thought, since that happens in a dialogue,
as it were by an
answering and an asserting entity. Also, there are a body-image,
feelings of pain and pleasure,
sensations, memories, and
fantasies besides thought, that is mostly verbal in its two
sides, but that may go intentionally or come unavoidably with images of fantasy or
memory.
By intentional fantasies I mean that I can ask myself "what would this look
like?" and get a mental image, which I can alter or replace by another. So I am
speaking mostly of a capacity for picturing, imagining, rather than creating,
which is what the mind does, and which need not involve pictures, but may come as
text.
Of course, what I have been saying is mostly metaphorical, but it seems
fairly adequate. Also, these faculties are distinguishable and are given and
come with capacities:
thought thinking and judging
fantasy creative formations and expectations
memory information about one's past and associations
senses information about environment and orientations
body information about one's body and
feelings
Also there definitely is knowing what one thinks before verbalizing it, which
anyway seems more by way of explicating and memorizing then the proper thinking
it verbalizes. Hence in fact there often are at least three layers involved in
thinking something:
1) the thought prior to the words
2) the words for the thought
3) the mental image for the thought
These also usually arrive in that order, and always with the thought first: one knows what is
coming, one has an inkling, and there it comes.
As to thought: I do think these are two departments, as it were, two sides,
two halves, say the producing and the judging part.
In everyday terms thinking and judging seem most appropriate, and judging is
the active part, so to speak: it chooses to believe, desire and do. These are
acts, mental and physical. There are other mental acts:
remembering, in various
ways; imagining, likewise.
Put otherwise, all that is involved in consciousness are actions that may be phrased like so
thinking and judging
imagining and expecting
remembering and associating
sensing and orienting
being and feeling
By being I mean basically bodily states or whatever it is that is one's body
image, which is more than feelings, supposing these to be positive and negative,
and in the ways of signals, for there tend to be many states that are more or
less indifferent if one is more or less healthy, say the feeling of one's right
foot, at the end of one's leg, without pains or pleasures of it.
It may be added, with reference to
Propositional Attitudes,
that the conception there adopted is to iterate the attitudes:
- aKaKq is conscious knowledge of q: a knows q and a
knows that a know q
- aBaBq is conscious belief of q: a believes q and a
believes a believes q
- aCaCq is conscious causing of q: a causes q and a
causes that a causes q
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